LIFESTYLE: smoking, drug use, increased alcohol consumption, obesity, stress

NUTRITION:  Although commonly overlooked, we have often seen drastic  improvement in sperm DNA  fragmentation after a detailed analysis and correction of daily nutrition.

HEAT EXPOSURE: e.g. from whirlpool baths, working with a laptop on the lap, fever, etc.

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES: chemicals, pesticides, fertilizers, dyes, etc.

DIABETES: An independent risk factor for increased sperm DNA fragmentation

MEDICATION: Even the most unassuming medications have sometimes seen to cause sperm DNA fragmentation

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS /air pollution: Although it may appear general, a keen look into exposure should be ruled out.

VARICOCELE: Once diagnosed either by examination or ultrasound, SCSA test can help in the decision if surgery will help.

CANCER AND CANCER TREATMENTS (chemotherapy and radiotherapy) : causes direct damage to the DNA of cells.

CHRONIC DISEASES: often cause increased oxidative stress leading to increased DNA damage

ANDROLOGICAL DISEASES / Infections of the urogenital tract and leukocytospermia: Local infection / inflammation causes direct damage to the DNA in sperm through release of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species).

AGE >40 YEARS: It has been extensively studied that the older the man, the higher the DNA fragmentation

LUBRICANTS: cause direct damage to the sperm DNA